An improved sampling rule for mapping geopotential functions of a planet from a near polar orbit   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Matthias Weigelt  Nico Sneeuw  E. J. O. Schrama  Pieter N. A. M. Visser 《Journal of Geodesy》2013,87(2):127-142

One of the limiting factors in the determination of gravity field solutions is the spatial sampling. Especially during phases, when the satellite repeats its own track after a short time, the spatial resolution will be limited. The Nyquist rule-of-thumb for mapping geopotential functions of a planet, also referred to as the Colombo–Nyquist rule-of-thumb, provides a limit for the maximum achievable degree of a spherical harmonic development for repeat orbits. We show in this paper that this rule is too conservative, and solutions with better spatial resolutions are possible. A new rule is introduced which limits the maximum achievable order (not degree!) to be smaller than the number of revolutions if the difference between the number of revolutions and the number of nodal days is of odd parity and to be smaller than half the number of revolutions if the difference is of even parity. The dependence on the parity is reflected in the eigenvalue spectrum of the normal matrix and becomes especially important in the presence of noise. The rule is based on applying the Nyquist sampling theorem separately in North–South and East–West direction. This is only possible for satellites in highly inclined orbits like champ and grace. Tables for these two satellite missions are also provided which indicate the passed and (in case of grace) expected repeat cycles and possible degradations in the quality of the gravity field solutions.  相似文献   

Optical remote sensing of submerged aquatic vegetation: Opportunities for shallow clearwater streams     

Fleur Visser  Caroline Wallis  Anne M. Sinnott 《Limnologica》2013,43(5):388-398

Remote sensing has rarely been used as a tool to map and monitor submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in rivers, due to a combination of insufficient spatial resolution of available image data and strong attenuation of light in water through absorption and scattering. The latter process reduces the possibility to use spectral reflectance information to accurately classify submerged species. However, increasing availability of very high resolution (VHR) image data may enable the use of shape and texture features to help discriminate between species by taking an object based image analysis (OBIA) approach, and overcome some of the present limitations.This study aimed to investigate the possibility of using optical remote sensing for the detection and mapping of SAV. It firstly looked at the possibilities to discriminate submerged macrophyte species based on spectral information only. Reflectance spectra of three macrophyte species were measured in situ across a range of submergence depths. The results showed that water depth will be a limiting factor for the classification of species from remote sensing images. Only Spiked Water Milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) was indicated as spectrally distinct through ANOVA analysis, but subsequent Jeffries–Matusita distance analysis did not confirm this. In particular Water Crowfoot (Ranunculus fluitans) and Pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus) could not be discriminated at 95% significance level. Spectral separability of these two species was also not possible without the effect of an overlying water column.Secondly, the possibility to improve species discrimination, using spatial and textural information was investigated for the same SAV species. VHR image data was acquired with a Near Infrared (NIR) sensitive DSLR camera from four different heights including a telescopic pole and a Helikite UAS. The results show that shape and texture information can improve the detection of the spectrally similar Pondweed and Water Crowfoot from VHR image data. The best performing feature ‘length/width ratio of sub-objects’ was obtained through expert knowledge. All of the shape and texture based features performed better at species differentiation than the spectrally based features.In conclusion this study has shown that there is considerable potential for the combination of VHR data and OBIA to map SAV in shallow stream environments, which can benefit species monitoring and management.  相似文献   

Combining rotation curves and gravitational lensing: how to measure the equation of state of dark matter in the galactic halo     

Tristan Faber  Matt Visser 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,372(1):136-142

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A method to determine regional lunar gravity fields from earth-based satellite tracking data     

S. Goossens  P.N.A.M. Visser  B.A.C. Ambrosius 《Planetary and Space Science》2005,53(13):1331-1340

A method to determine regional gravity fields of the Moon from Earth-based Doppler and range satellite tracking data residuals of a low Moon-orbiting satellite has been developed and thoroughly tested in a controlled simulation environment. A short-arc approach, where one arc consists of the time it takes the satellite to cross the grid of interest on the lunar surface, is used in order to filter out most long-wavelength signal that can still be present in the residuals. Simulation results where the data are contaminated with either typical systematic or stochastic noise show that recovery of the local gravity field down to the level of several mGal is possible. The inclusion of extremely low-altitude data also means that regularisation in the sense of including a priori information in the form of a regularisation matrix is not necessary in order to obtain a good solution at high resolution.  相似文献   

Tracking and orbit determination performance of the GRAS instrument on MetOp-A   总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5  

Oliver Montenbruck  Yago Andres  Heike Bock  Tom van Helleputte  Jose van den Ijssel  Marc Loiselet  Christian Marquardt  Pierluigi Silvestrin  Pieter Visser  Yoke Yoon 《GPS Solutions》2008,12(4):289-299

The global navigation satellite system receiver for atmospheric sounding (GRAS) on MetOp-A is the first European GPS receiver providing dual-frequency navigation and occultation measurements from a spaceborne platform on a routine basis. The receiver is based on ESA’s AGGA-2 correlator chip, which implements a high-quality tracking scheme for semi-codeless P(Y) code tracking on the L1 and L2 frequency. Data collected with the zenith antenna on MetOp-A have been used to perform an in-flight characterization of the GRAS instrument with focus on the tracking and navigation performance. Besides an assessment of the receiver noise and systematic measurement errors, the study addresses the precise orbit determination accuracy achievable with the GRAS receiver. A consistency on the 5 cm level is demonstrated for reduced dynamics orbit solutions computed independently by four different agencies and software packages. With purely kinematic solutions, 10 cm accuracy is obtained. As a part of the analysis, an empirical antenna offset correction and preliminary phase center correction map are derived, which notably reduce the carrier phase residuals and improve the consistency of kinematic orbit determination results.

Oliver MontenbruckEmail:

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Propeller scars on and known home range of two orca (Orcinus orca) in New Zealand waters     

Ingrid N. Visser 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):635-642

Two orca (Orcinus orca, Linnaeus, 1758), photo‐identified as part of an ongoing study in New Zealand waters, have a series of deep scars in their dorsal lumbar‐caudal regions which suggests they were caused by propellers. One of the animals, first noted to have the scars in 1982, is considerably smaller than an adult of similar age. The known home range of these orca are presented. A third orca hit by a boat is presumed dead.  相似文献   

Uncertainties in hydrocarbon charge prediction     

W. Visser  A. Bell 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1997,86(2):332-341

Computer simulations allow the prediction of hydrocarbon volumes, composition and charge timing in undrilled petroleum prospects. Whereas different models may give different hydrocarbon charge predictions, it has now become evident that a dominant cause of erroneous predictions is the poor quality of input data. The main culprit for prediction errors is the uncertainty in the initial hydrogen index (H/C) of the source rock. A 10% uncertainty in the H/C may lead to 50% error in the predicted hydrocarbon volumes, and associated gas–oil ratio. Similarly, uncertainties in the maximum burial temperature and the kinetics of hydrocarbon generation may lead to 20–50% error. Despite this, charge modelling can have great value for the ranking of prospects in the same area with comparable geological histories.  相似文献   

Laboratory measurements of uniform longshore currents   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Paul J. Visser 《Coastal Engineering》1991,15(5-6)

Experiments on uniform longshore currents in a wave basin are described. The measurements were performed in a basin with a pumped recirculation through openings in the wave guides. Minimal return flows in the offshore region of the basin are found to be accompanied with longshore currents which are virtually uniform alongshore. Three-dimensional longshore current velocity distributions were measured with much attention to quality control. Detailed experimental results are presented for different wave fields, two beach slopes and two beach roughnesses.  相似文献   

Turbulence and zooplankton production: insights from PROVESS   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Andr W. Visser  Adolf Stips 《Journal of Sea Research》2002,47(3-4)

Zooplankton are directly influenced by turbulence in both a passive and an active manner. Passively, zooplankton are at the mercy of turbulence in how it affects their vertical mixing, encounter rate, detection abilities and feeding current efficiency. Many zooplankton species, however, are actively able to mitigate the effects of turbulence by modifying their behaviour, e.g. vertical migration, prey switching and habituation to hydromechanical stimuli. Both theoretical treatments of these processes and field observations from the northern North Sea are examined. Field observations show that some copepod species actively migrate to avoid high turbulence levels in surface waters. Furthermore, observations show a negative relationship between turbulence and zooplankton ingestion rates. This supports the paradigm of a dome-shaped response for zooplankton production with environmental turbulence. A theoretical treatment shows that the reaction distance, R, for an ambush-feeding copepod feeding on swimming organisms follows R ∝ ^−1/6 where is the turbulent dissipation rate, a result that shows close agreement with previously reported experimental results.  相似文献   

Submillimetre continuum images of the NGC 2024 star-forming ridge     

Anja E. Visser  John S. Richer  Claire J. Chandler  & Rachael Padman 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,301(2):585-592

We present 450- and 800-μm images, made with the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, of the NGC 2024 molecular ridge. The seven previously known compact cores, FIR1–7, have been detected, and FIR5 has been resolved into a compact object and an associated extended source to the east. The estimated masses of the dense cores vary between 1.6 and 5.1 M⊙ per 14-arcsec beam, assuming a dust temperature of 30 K and a dust opacity of κ_800 μm = 0.002 m² kg⁻¹. A spectral index map made from the 450- and 800-μm images shows spatial variations, with the spectral index, α ( F _ν ∝ ν^α), being systematically lower towards the dense cores. We interpret this as evidence for a lower value of the frequency dependence of the dust opacity, β, towards the denser cores relative to the surrounding molecular material. This may indicate that grain growth is occurring in the cores, prior to planetesimal formation. By comparing the high-resolution 450-μm image with interferometer maps of the integrated CS(2–1) emission, the previously reported discrepancy between dust continuum emission and molecular line emission is found to be very localized. Depletion and temperature variations are discussed as possible explanations.  相似文献